Aim: Why did the Roman Republic collapse?

Trouble in the Republic


Damages to farms

Small farmers could not compete with wealthy landowners

Latifundia – large estates

Prisoners were used to work on land



Continued

Farmers faced a lot of debt

“Bread and Circuses” – provide cheap food and entertainment

Problems were ignored by the wealthy class

Marius-Consul changed the army from volunteer to paid professional soldier

Felt loyal to their general no to the Republic

Continued

Power struggles between generals and leaders

Summary

What group made the best Roman soldiers paid professionals or citizen volunteers?

Julius Caesar

Triumvirate – political alliance of three people. (Crassus, pompey, and Caesar ruled together)

Julius Caesar- battled foreign tribes and invaded Britain

Caesar marched into Italy by crossing the Rubicon

Declared himself dictator

Filled the Senate with his loyalists



Caesar’s Reforms

Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories

Started new colonies

Created work for the jobless

Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free workers

Created a new calendar



Julius Caesar

The senators feared he would be King for Life

Was killed by the Senate

Aim: What was Roman Law?

Notes:
Roman Law


Twelve Tables (451BC) – Laws were written down and placed in Rome’s marketplace (the Forum).

All free citizens had the right to be treated equally by the legal system

Applied only to Roman citizens

Continued

Law of Nations – new rules to settle disputes between citizens and onenon-citizens. (was for newly expanded territories)

People were seen as innocent until proven guilty

Rule of Law – Law applies to everyone

Continued

Why was it necessary for Rome to create the Law of Nations?

Rome Expands

Romans conquered all of Italy

Carthage – enemy of Rome (located in the Med. Sea) (Off the coast of North Africa)

Ruled a great trading empire

Continued

Punic Wars

Fought over Sicily ( the war lasted 20 years)

Rome eventually took Sicily

Carthage expanded into southern Spain

Romans helped the people of Spain to rebel

Hannibal Carthage’s General attacked the Romans in Italy (assembled a large force)

Eventually Carthage gave up Spain to Rome

Carthage had to give up its navy and pay a large fine

Aim: How did Rome’s government work?

Rome’s Government


Patricians – wealthy landowners and was Rome’s ruling class

Plebeians – artisans, shopkeepers, and small farmers

Roman citizens – right to vote, had to pay taxes, serve in the army, and only patricians can serve in government





Rome’s government and responsibilities

Consuls – top government officials (Patricians)

Headed the army

Ran the government

The power to veto (reject)

Continued

Praetors – to interpret the law and act as judges (handled taxes and public finance).

Senate – lawmaking body, gave advice to the consuls, propose laws, and debate important issues

Assembly of Centuries – elected important officials and they were under the control of the patricians

Continued

Plebeians always complained of having very little power

Office of the dictator – had complete control, ruled only during an emergency, and after the danger they gave up their power

HW # 9-3

Read pages 142-145.
Answer questions on page 145
5, 7 and 8.

Aim: How did geography play an important role in the rise of the Roman Republic?

Notes:
Geography of Italy


Is a peninsula

Alps mountains located across the top

Apennines mountain range runs north to south

Had good farmland

Mild climate and rich soil

Tiber River gave Rome its source of water

Rome was built on seven hills



How did Rome begin?

Story of Romulus and Remus

The Aeneid – story of Trojan hero Aineas leaves Troy and founded Rome

Historians are not sure how Rome began



Early Influences

Greeks and Etruscans played a role in shaping Rome

Etruscans – lived North of Rome

Moved South and took control of Rome

Were metalworkers

Enslaved people to do their heaviest work

Rome became wealthy and powerful



Answer the following question

Have you heard the phrase “winning hearts and minds?” What does the quote mean?





The Romans conquered and won the hearts and minds of people

Birth of the Roman Republic

509BC – Rome was established

Republic- a leader is not a king or queen but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote

Citizens have the power







Continued

Rome was surrounded by enemies

Romans were excellent soldiers

Soldiers organized into small legions (smaller groups)

Romans built roads between towns

Romans gave full citizenship to some people

They could vote and serve in the gov’t

Romans granted other peoples the status of allies

As a result the Romans grew stronger

HW # 8-3

Read pages 134-139
Answer questions on page 139
3, 5, and 8.

Aim : What was life like in Sparta?

Spartan military


Boys and men were trained for war

Age 7 – training began

Age 20 – Men entered the military

Men stayed in the military till 60 yrs of age





“And he who falls among the champions and loses his own sweet life, So blessing with honor his city, his father, and all his people.” How does the poet view death in battle?

Women in Sparta

Girls were trained in sports, running, wrestling, and throwing the javelin

They were freer than other Greek women



Sparta’s Government

Was an oligarchy

Oligarchy- government in which ruling power belongs to a few people

The government discouraged foreign visitors

The government banned travel abroad except for military reasons

Frowned on people who studied literature and art

They knew less about science and trade

Played a key role in defending Greece

Why did the Spartan government want its young people to be physically fit?

Activity

Compose your own poem or song about Spartan warriors. You may work with another partner. Use your notes and the textbook to help you with your poem. You will also recite the poem or song in front of the class

HW # 7-3

Read pages 128-133
Answer question on page 133
6 and 7.

Aim: Who were the great Greek philosophers?

Notes:
Greek Philosophers


Debated about the best forms of government and human behavior

They questioned accepted ideas

Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Wrote no books

Like to question people (Socratic Method)

Most of what we know of Socrates comes from Plato

Refused to accept simple answers

Was accused of corrupting the youth





Plato

Emphasized the importance of reason

Set up the Academy

Wrote “The Republic”

Believed the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives

Believed some women were superior to some men

Talented women should be educated



Aristotle

Was Plato’s famous student

Analyzed all kinds of government

Very suspicious of government

Democracy would lead to mob rule

Favored rule by a strong leader

Set up a school “Lyceum”

Discussed how people should live

HW # 6-3

Read pages 123-126
Answer question 3, 6, and 7.

Aim: Who were the Ancient Greeks?

Notes:

 The earliest Greek civilizations


They thrived nearly 4,000 years ago.

The Ancient Greeks lived in Greece and the countries that we now call Bulgaria and Turkey.

The Ancient Greece empire spread over Europe as far as France in the East.

The Greek Empire was most powerful between 2000 BC and 146 B.C.

The ancient Greeks developed new ideas for government, science, philosophy, religion, and art.

Ancient Greece was split into many different states, each one was ruled in its own way. Each state had its own laws, government and money but they shared the same language and religion .

The two most important city states were Athens and Sparta.


Ancient Greece City-States

Polis – means city-state

A polis or city-state was made up of a major city and its surrounding countryside

Acropolis – great marble temples were built on the hilltop dedicated to the gods and goddesses

Population of each city-state was small



Ancient Greece: Types of Government

Monarchy – hereditary ruler exercises central power

Aristocracy- rule by hereditary landholding elite

Oligarchy – power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite



Ancient Athens

Athenian government evolved from a monarchy into an aristocracy

Athens eventually moved slowing towards a democracy. (Democracy – government by the people)

Citizenship remain limited

Many positions were open only to the wealthy



Continued Athens

Cleisthenes – broadened the role of ordinary citizens in government. He set up a council of 500

Council of 500- prepared laws. (they were elected by males over the age of 30.)

He made the assembly a genuine legislature (lawmaking body)



Athens a Limited Democracy

Athenian democracy was limited

Citizens could participate in government

Citizenship was restricted to landowning men

Women, merchants, and foreigners were excluded

Slaves had no political rights

HW #5-3

Choose one of the following quotes from Confucius and explain how it relates to your life.


Respect yourself and others will respect you..

Study the past if you would define the future.

It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.

HW # 4-3

Complete all of the DBQ's on page 115 and


Complete comparing and contrasting questions 1 and 2.

Aim: Who was Confucius?

Do Now:


In your life do these five relationships exist?

1) ruler and subject -

2) father and son-

3) husband and wife-

4) older brother and younger brother-

5) friend and friend -
 
Notes:
Confucianism

1. Confucius lived in China during the Chou Dynasty, when there was mass disorder and confusion and degrading moral standards. Confucius was appalled by what appeared to be the fracturing of Chinese society. He believed that the only cure was to stress a sense of social order and mutual respect, a philosophy that later became known as Confucianism.
2. Geographic Origin-Developed in China around 500 BCE..

Teachings and Beliefs
Confucianism teaches that there is a natural social order to society which can best be explained through the Five Relationships:
1. Ruler to ruled.

2. Father to son.

3. Older brother to younger brother.

4. Husband to wife.

5. Friend to friend.

In these relationships, the second role is considered subordinate to the first. It was taught that if everyone knew their place in society, then order would prevail. There are several concepts which needed to be practiced in order to achieve an ordered society:

Jen-Human kindness should be shown towards one another.

Li-Proper etiquette should always be used, and one should strive to achieve perfect virtue.

Filial Piety-One should respect their elders.

HW#3-3

Theme: Change (Individuals who have Changed History)


The beliefs and achievements of individuals have changed global history. These beliefs and achievements have had positive and negative effects on society.

Task:

Identify ONE individual who has changed global history and for each:

• Explain one belief or achievement of that individual.

• Discuss the positive and/or negative effects of the individual's belief or achievement.

You may use any individual from your study of global history. Some suggestions you

might wish to consider include: Confucius

Do not use individuals from the United States events in your answer.

Guidelines: In your essay, be sure to:

• Develop all aspects of the task.

• Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details.

• Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that are beyond a simple restatement of the theme.

HW# 2-3

Read pages 104 -109
Answer Questions on page 109
3, 6, and 8.

HW # 1-3

Read pages 104 -109


Answer Questions on page 109

3, 6, and 8.


or

Please complete chart on religion.


Please write an introduction to your essay on religion.

Exam on Major World Religions

Essay

Exam on Major World Religions

Multiple Choice and DBQ.